Biography of Artemisia I, Queen of Halicarnassus

Artemisia I of Halicarnassus (c. 520–460 BCE) was the ruler of the city of Halicarnassus at the time of the Persian Wars (499–449 BCE). As a Carian colony of Persia, Halicarnassus fought against the Greeks. The Greek historian Herodotus (484–425  BCE) was also a Carian, and he was born in that city during Artemisias rule. Her story was recorded by Herodotus and appears in the Histories, written in the mid-450s BCE. Known For: Ruler of Halicarnassus, naval commander in the Persian WarsBorn: c. 520 BCE in HalicarnassusParents: Lygadimis and unknown Cretan motherDied: c. 460 BCESpouse: Unnamed husbandChildren: Pisindelis INotable Quote: If thou art hasty to fight, I tremble lest the defeat of thy sea force bring harm likewise to thy land army. Early Life Artemisia was likely born about 520 BCE in Halicarnassus, near what is today Bodrum, Turkey. Halicarnassus was the capital of the Carian satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian empire in Asia Minor during the reign of Darius I (ruled 522–486 BCE). She was a member of the Lygdamid  dynasty (520–450 BCE) of rulers in the city, as the daughter of Lygadimis, a Carian, and his wife, a woman (unnamed by Herodotus) from the Greek island of Crete. Artemisia inherited her throne from her husband, whose name is not known, during the rule of the Persian emperor Xerxes I, also known as Xerxes the Great (ruled 486–465 BC). Her kingdom included the city of Halicarnassus and the nearby islands of Cos, Calymnos, and Nisyros. Artemisia I had at least one son, Pisindelis, who ruled Halicarnassus after her between roughly 460 and 450 BCE. Persian Wars When Xerxes went to war against Greece (480–479 BCE), Artemisia was the only woman among his commanders. She brought five ships of the 70 total sent to battle, and those five ships were forces with a reputation for ferocity and valor. Herodotus suggests that Xerxes selected Artemisia to lead a squadron to embarrass the Greeks, and indeed, when they heard about it, the Greeks offered a reward of 10,000 drachmas (about three years wages for a workman) for capturing Artemisia. No one succeeded in claiming the prize. After winning the battle at Thermopylae in August of 480 BCE, Xerxes sent Mardonius to talk to each of his naval commanders separately about the upcoming battle of Salamis. Artemisia was the only one who advised against a sea battle, suggesting that Xerxes instead wait offshore for what she saw as the inevitable retreat or attack the Peloponnese on shore. She was quite blunt about their chances against the Greek armada, saying that the rest of the Persian naval commanders—Egyptians, Cypriots, Cilicians, and Pamphylians—were not up to the challenge. While he was pleased that she provided a separate viewpoint, Xerxes ignored her advice, choosing to follow the majority opinion. Battle of Salamis During the battle, Artemisias found her flagship was being chased by an Athenian vessel and had no chance of escape. She rammed a friendly vessel which was commanded by the Calyndians and their king Damasithymos; the ship sank with all hands. The Athenian, confused by her actions, assumed she was either a Greek ship or a deserter, and left Artemisias ship to chase others. Had the Greek commander realized who he was chasing, and recalled the price on her head, he would not have changed course. No one from the Calyndian ship survived, and Xerxes was impressed at her nerve and daring, saying My men have become women, and my women, men. After the failure at Salamis, Xerxes abandoned his invasion of Greece—and Artemisia is credited with persuading him to make this decision. As a reward, Xerxes sent her to Ephesus to take care of his illegitimate sons. Beyond Herodotus That is all that Herodotus had to say about Artemisia. Other early references to Artemisia include the 5th century CE Greek physician Thessalus who spoke of her as a cowardly pirate; and the Greek playwright Aristophanes, who used her as a symbol of a strong and uppity warrior woman in his comic plays Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae, equating her with the Amazons. Later writers were generally approving, including Polyaenus, the 2nd century CE Macedonian author of Stratagems in War, and Justin, the 2nd century Roman empire historian. Photius, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinopole, described a legend depicting Artemisia as having fallen hopelessly in love with a younger man from Abydos, and jumping off a cliff to cure the unrequited passion. Whether her death was as glamorous and romantic as described by Photius, she was probably dead when her son Pisindelis took over the rule of Halicarnassus. Archaeological evidence of Artemisias relationship with Xerxes was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus by British archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton when he excavated there in 1857. The Mausoleum itself was built by Artemisia II to honor her husband Mausolus between 353–350 BCE, but the alabaster jar is inscribed with the signature of Xerxes I, in Old Persian, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Elamite.  The presence of this jar in this location strongly suggests it was given by Xerxes to Artemisia I and passed down to her descendants who buried it at the Mausoleum. Sources A Jar with the Name of King Xerxes. Livius, October 26, 2018.Falkner, Caroline L. Artemesia in Herodotus. Diotima, 2001.  Halsall, Paul Herodotus: Artemisia at Salamis, 480 BCE. Ancient History Sourcebook, Fordham University, 1998.  Munson, Rosaria Vignolo. Artemisia in Herodotus. Classical Antiquity 7.1 (1988): 91-106.Rawlinson, George (transl). Herodotus, The History. New York: Dutton Co., 1862.Strauss, Barry. The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece—and Western Civilization. New York: Simon Schuster, 2004.

Anita Nair Feminism In Modernism - 1612 Words

Anita Nair is a popular Indian English-language writer. She has much insight into the concerns of studies, family, love and striving for fame and fortune . She makes an attempt to show the quality of strength in a woman. Anita Nair also adds that strength is not usually considered a woman as this. Her styles ultimately differ from other feminist writers. In other words, she is a feminist with difference. She traces the real position of women in the families as well as in the society. Her attempt to exhibit the plight, fears, dilemmas, contradictions and ambitions of her women characters is remarkable. Her primary focus of attention is the world of women, the struggle of women in the content of modern Indian society. Her novel reveals the†¦show more content†¦So, naturally this contradiction needs to be reflected in her characters as well. Anita Nair portrays about the fragility of the modern Indian marriage and the overwhelming challenges of raising their children in a milie u. This is an ambitious layered novel. The protagonist of the novel is Meera, who is happily submerged in the role of a corporate wife. She is forty-four-years old and has been showed as a sacrificial lamb. She is cool, poised, and urban writer of cook books. She is educated and erudite, and mother of two teenagers. She is a successful corporate honcho for her husband Giri. Nayantara is her daughter and she is in the IIT. Nikhil is her son. She and her family live with her mother, Saro and her grandmother, Lily in a lovely old house in Bangalore. In the beginning of the novel, Meera, Giri, and their son participate in the party. In these, She always wants to be with Giri, but he suggests to her to mingle with others. It seems that she is more possessive, but he does not like that. When Meerapartakes in the party, She mingles with other people as advised by Giri. In the meantime, Meera searches for him, but she cannot find out anywhere. Later on she comes to know that he has escaped from the party without telling anything and that shocks her. In these circumstances, Meera compares Giri with Zeus, the husband of Hera as follows: My Giri is not Zeus. He does not frolic with nymphets or even goddesses. He is prone to fits of rage; he isShow MoreRelatedWife Novel of Bharathi Mukherjee2831 Words   |  12 Pagesrootless because they are shootless. Uniquely Indian are superficially westernized, she is basically human. They give vent to their feminine sensibility in their frantic desire for an authentic communication with the self as well as the society. Anita DesaiIndian women novelists have given a new dimension to the Indian literature. Indian English literature has developed over a period of time and writing in English did not start in a day. It took many years and several distinguished personalities

Contract and Agency Law CompuMac Limited

Questions: 1. Peter, the Managing Director of CompuMac Limited, was planning a company trip for the staff. The staff wanted to go to Kuala Lumpur to visit the inaugural Global 3-D Printing exhibition that boasts of 3-D printing technology experts participating from all around the world. They wanted to talk to the experts about CompuMacs patented 3-D technology and to seek alliances with such experts on research and development projects. Peter booked a 25-seater coach from BestCoach, at a price of S$2,000 for a return trip from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur. Peter, on behalf of CompuMac, paid a deposit of S$500 to BestCoach five days before departure date. Analyse the following scenarios. For each scenario, advise Peter as to whether contract between CompuMac and BestCoach can be discharged and if yes, identify the appropriate grounds for such discharge. In your analysis, examine whether CompuMac is entitled to a refund of the deposit or alternatively, is required to pay the balance amount to BestCo ach. (a) Scenario 1 - There was heavy monsoon rain in Johor Bahru. The roads in Johor Bahru were flooded and no longer accessible. BestCoach refused to proceed with the coach journey on the departure date, although the roads after Johor Bahru and leading into Kuala Lumpur were clear and accessible. (b) Scenario 2 - There was heavy flooding in Kuala Lumpur. BestCoach offered to provide a slow drive to Kuala Lumpur so that by the time that the coach reached the borders of Kuala Lumpur on the eve of the exhibition, the floods would likely have abated and the coach could then drive into Kuala Lumpur. Peter refused to proceed with the journey on the departure date. In your answers, you are required to cite the relevant statutory provisions and case law to support your views as well as demonstrate well-developed written proficiency in the flow and content of your analysis. 2. Cherlyn is 17 years old and had been unemployed. Three months ago, she accepted a job at CallNow Private Limited, a company providing 24/7 hotline support services to users of various types of software. Her employment agreement stated that: her working hours were from 8.00am to 10.00pm daily, from Monday to Saturday; and she was permitted only 30-minute breaks for her lunches and dinners. Her monthly salary was S$1,000 and she was entitled to 5 days of annual leave. During the interview, the Human Resource Manager of CallNow told her that the company would provide her with free 3-month intensive training so that she would become extremely proficient at handling support services calls. If she did not quit her job within 12 months of completing the training, the training fee of S$6,000 payable by Cherlyn would be waived. After completion of her training, she would be assigned a mentor who would guide her on the job. Cherlyn also rented a room as she wanted to stay near her new workplace. The rental agreement was for three (3) years, with a monthly rental of S$350. After a few weeks, she began having second thoughts about the job and wanted to resign. She did not want to pay the training fee and asked you if the employment agreement was valid and enforceable. At the same time, she wanted to nullify her rental agreement and to also obtain a refund of rental amounts that she had paid for the past few weeks. She has come to you for advice. Explain to Cherlyn whether: (a) her employment agreement is valid and enforceable (and whether she is required to pay the training fee); and (b) her rental agreement is valid and enforceable (and whether she is entitled to obtain a refund of the past rental amounts that she had paid). You should identify and cite the relevant statutory provision(s) and case law to support your views. 3. Consider a specific job in your organisation (or one that you are familiar with) and relate how the employee performing this job is an agent of that organisation. You may preserve confidentiality by disguising the name of the organisation. Remember to state the relevant legal principles and cite relevant case law to support your analysis. (a) For context, you should describe the business of this organisation and some of the key functions of the identified job that are relevant to the agency relationship between the organisation and the individual. (4 marks) (b) Discuss and analyse how the individual in that job is an agent of the organisation. In your answer, explain how the agency relationship was created as well as two (2) types of authority which the agent would possess. Provide specific examples to support your answer. Answers: 1. a) It is to be noted that the fact given in the case study relates to Acts i.e. The Law of Contract and Frustrated Contracts Act. It is very clear from the given case that both the company Compu Mac Limited Best Cprach have intention to c enter in legal relationship and such intension is required as per section 4 (Section 4 of The Law of Contract). As per section 2 to make a contract valid the requirement of an offer and acceptance must be fulfilled ad also as per section 5 rights and obligation of the both party should be clear and definite. We assume that all above requirement are fulfilled to make contract valid (.Lee Pey Woan, Pearlie Koh, Tham Chee Ho, 2009,) Scenario 1: Issue The Johan Bahru was located in north Singapore where there was heavy flood. The issue is whether ComuMec is entitled to refund in such situation? Law Involved Section 2(2) Section 2(3) Section 8 Discussion of Law As per section 8 there are number of situation where contract between the parties may be discharge which is as follow: Discharge of Performance Non Performance of the Act Defective Performance Discharge of contract by an agreement Discharge of the contract by frustration It is to be noted that failure of performance of contract due to the situation which is not in the control of performer will cover under the discharge of contract by frustration. Sometimes party to the contract may have intention to execute the contract however due to the unavoidable he may not able to execute it , such contract can be discharge by Frustration.(Lee Pey Woan, Pearlie Koh, Tham Chee Ho, 2009) Section 2 of the Frustration Contract act says that any amount of money that is paid by the party before discharge of contract must be refunded to the other party. And if such amount is in nature of payable than other party will not be liable to pay it after discharge of the contract TO sum up any monitory transaction executed before discharge of the contract should be reverse and obligation for any future monitory transaction will be canceled. However as per section 2 (3) of the frustration Act if any party to the contract incurred expenditure in relation to the contract entered between the party, then the party who receive money before discharge of the contract can retain the amount of expenditure from the advance money given or from refund which is getting due because of discharge of the contract (ANON, 2014) Conclusion As we can say that CompuMac Limited was not in position to execute contract due to unavoidable reason of heavy flood which is out of control situation. Also the representative of the company had given S$500 in advance. After considering the above facts of the case we can conclude that: As per section 8 the contract is eligible to be discharged by CompuMac Limited. Also as per section 2(2) and section 2(3) the deposit which was give by company of S$500 must be refunded by Best Coach after deducting expense incurred by it in relation to contract entered between the both. However it is to be noted that such expenditure must be incurred exclusively in relation to the contract entered between the parties Scenario 2: Here as per the information given, there were heavy floods in Kuala Lumpur. Here the information provided is not clear with regard to weather atmosphere of Kuala Lumpur about the floods would have been abated or not. After reaching at the border of the Kuala Lumpur, two possibility could be arose Flood is not abated and Coach was not able to reach at exhibition. Floor is abated and Coach was able to reach at Exhibition. In view of the above observations, we can note that if situation 1 stated above exist than: The contract will be discharge by Frustration and also as per section 2(2) and (3) , The deposit will be refunded provided expenditure incurred by coach for discharging half contract of taking passenger till border of Kuala Lumpur. So the Refund of S$500 must be provided after deducting all expenditure incurred by Company in attempt of execution of the contract. In view of the above observations, we can note that if situation 2 stated above exist than: The contract is said to be executed and hence the CompuMac will not entitled to cancel the contract and he need to pay the remaining amount as per agreement which is due as payable. b) Issue: Whether Cherlyn is consider as minor as per Law of contract? Whether agreement entered by him for Employment is enforceable or valid? Law Involved Section 6 Discussion of Law As per Singapore contract act any person who has not attained the age of 21 year is consider as Minor only. As minor are considering as non competent part to the contracts. As per section 6 of the contract law any contract against minor can not enforceable as minor is consider as no competent person to enter in to contract. However any contract for goods or services in the benefit of the minor is enforceable. The facts in the given case relates to statue i.e. The Law of Contract. (Pey Woan, Pearlie Koh, Tham Chee Ho, 2009) However if the minor has entered into contract which result in providing him or her necessary supplies of life than though it is not contract of law and service it is termed as enforceable only and valid only (Pey Woan, Pearlie Koh, Tham Chee Ho, 2009) 2. a) Fact of the case During the interview the HR manager had put a condition to continue service for 12 Month to waive the fees of training which was made compulsory to make Charley proficiently in managing support service efficiently. After he started JOB in second week he has thought of resigning job. The age of the Charley was 17 at the time of entering into the contract. Conclusion Charleyn has entered into agreement for doing JOB from 8 to 10 P.M In the Singapore country, a person is treated as minor if he/s A.M with certain amount of salary. Also as per the information provide in the act he is of the age of 17 only and hence consider as minor only. Yes if the contract is of service and in the benefit of the minor that it can be consider as enforceable but Employment contract cannot be termed as contract of service and hence not valid under the Singapore Contract Law. And hence the .training fees of $6000 is not required to be paid by the Charley 2 b) Fact of the case The rental agreement has been executed for three years and payment for the same is required to be dispensed monthly. Now the Charley wan to cancel the contract. The charley is of 17 when entering to the contract Conclusion Yes for future term for which Charley has not taken benefit, he can cancel the remaining one but for rent already paid will not be eligible for refund. The said conclusion is derived by taking the benefit of the To sum up we can conclude that Employment agreement cannot be termed as valid enforceable contract and hence he is not liable to pay any training fees , the same has been derived by taking base of section 6 Rental agreement is valid enforceable. Cherlyn would not be entitled to refund of the past rental amounts.(Section 6 of The Law of Contract) 3. General Definition of Law of Agency There are number of definition given by law different authors and agency of law of agency. The main function that is stated by all agencies and authors are performing any specific task with prior approval of the Principal is termed as agent. However it is to be noted that the relationship of the agency can be created only if principal is eligible or competent to do any act which is assigned to agency. If we want to put it in simple word with example, one cannot delegate any power to authors when it does not have. If person himself is handicap and if he makes the labor work with other it cannot be term as handicap. Also the approvals of the agency sometimes can express or implied. Also agency created for doing illegal activity does not have status in the eyes of law and invalid in nature. Section 2 of the agency law defined agency as relationship between two people where by one person is doing wok ion behalf of another worker and same is with principals express or implied consent. Also the status of agent has capacity to enter into the contract on behalf of the principal; such contracts are obviously valid and enforceable. Also agent can enter into the relationship with other party for selling, purchasing and disposal of any assets with intention to create legal relationship with the company. So to sum up we can say any act which can be done by principal , agent also can enter on behalf of principal if he has such authority to do from principal.(Tan Cheng Han, 2009) Also section 3 of the law of agency talks that there are so many relationships which represent thin line between relationships of agency. Relationship of Employer Employee, Bailer and bailee are very close to employer employee relationship but they are different from the Agency relationship. (Tan Cheng Han, 2009) If we take simple example of the Employer employee relationship we can say that the employer of the organization may not be liable for all acts that are executed by employee during the course of an employment. Also employees are generally delegated some basic task which has very minor legal implication. For an example if accountants in any organization are responsible for maintaining and keeping up to date records only. However the major decision is not in the hand of employee which is implied in nature. Example Mr. DeMac is the managing director of the BTL Limited; the company is register with Singapore stock exchange in this example. The company is doing business of giving motor vehicle on hire basis hiring. It owns number of motor vehicles, however during the pick season , sometimes company is required to purchase an additional vehicles. Now Mr. Demac has very close relationship with one of of Automobile distributor. Mr. DemMac is considered and company has employer-employee relationship as per the legal binding contract. If we analysis the duties, Authorities delegated on Mr. DeMac, its nevertheless the relationship of Agent an principal. Mr.De mac is empowered with the list of authorities. Some of them are listed below: 1. To manage day to day affairs of the company. 2. To sign the legal documents on behalf of BTL Limited. 3. To enter into an agreement to sale, purchase, exchange or any other contract which has legal validity on behalf of BTL Limited. 4. To enter into an agreement to give the motor cars on hire to certain tourism hotel industry on a negotiated rate considering its long term financial implication. Now the DHL limited is liable for any contract entered by the Mr. DeMac with legal document provided same is within the power of him. Mr. DeMac can create legal, valid and enforceable contact between third party and the company, as he has designated with specific authority over there. It is specifying nothing but relationship of principal and agent. For an example, if Me DeMac has entered into the contract for purchase of vehicle with one of distributor agency, same is falling within the authority of the company and hence it can be said the third party ( agency ) has created legal binding contract with the company. References:- Lee Pey Woan, PearlieKoh, Tham Chee Ho, 2009, The Law of Contract, Accessed on 5th March, 2015, https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-8.Tan Cheng Han, 2009, Law of Agency, Accessed on 5th March 2015, https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-15.ANON, 2014, Frustrated Contracts Act, Accessed on 5thMarch, 2015, https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=bdeda432-ac15-4e76-aad9-9144d93ac87a;page=0;query=DocId%3A59e417b5-c0a0-4c57-8463-a0d240c4dc64%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0.